Operational Modification of Traditional Boat Tools: Case Study of a Phinisi Ship Using Adaag Standards and ISO 21542

Abstract

Traditional Indonesian Phinisi vessels remain iconic in heritage maritime tourism, yet their design excludes individuals with mobility impairments due to steep access points and narrow corridors. This study aimed to develop operational modifications for traditional Phinisi boat tools using a structured ship design methodology, adopting the Spiral Ship Design Method across four iterative phases: concept design, preliminary design, contract design, and detail design. CAD-based modeling and ergonomic simulation guided the redesign of the vessel's main, upper, and top decks to comply with international accessibility standards, including ADAAG and ISO 21542. Features introduced include widened doorways (≥ 815 mm), anti-slip ramps (1:12 incline), ergonomic handrails (860–920 mm height), and integrated hydraulic vertical lifts. Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis verified structural integrity under static and dynamic load cases, confirming safety factors ranging from 1.42 to 3.31 across all modified structural elements. Stability analysis demonstrated that all retrofit configurations - maintained compliance with the IMO International Stability (IS) Code, with the full retrofit yielding a metacentric height (GM) of 0.41 m, well above the 0.15 m minimum. Stakeholder validation involving tourism operators, naval architects, and wheelchair users confirmed the practicality and cultural acceptability of the design. This study offers a replicable model for inclusive retrofitting of traditional wooden boats, advancing sustainable and accessible maritime tourism aligned with global inclusivity goals.